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b o r d e n
i n s t i t u t e
m o n o g r a p h
s e r i e s
TranslaTing research inTo
operaTional Medicine
James H. Stuhmiller, PhD
e d i t e d
b y
William R. Santee, PhD
Karl E. Friedl, PhD, Colonel, US Army
Borden InstItute
Blast Injury
 For more than 25 years, the Military operational Medicine research Program
(MoMrP) has been a world leader in the study of blast-related injury. this research
has produced insights, data, and predictive models that set standards for human
exposure, guide the design of protective systems, and allow quick responses to the
questions generated in a rapidly changing battle environment. the work of MoMrP
continues to address the new blast issues of the 21st century.
this volume was prepared for military medical educational use. the focus of the information is
to foster discussion that may form the basis of doctrine and policy. the opinions or assertions
contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or
as reflecting the views of the department of the Army or the department of defense.
dosage selection: the authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of
dosages cited herein. However, it is the responsibility of every practitioner to consult appropri-
ate information sources to ascertain correct dosages for each clinical situation, especially for
new or unfamiliar drugs and procedures. the authors, editors, publisher, and the department
of defense cannot be held responsible for any errors found in this book.
use of trade or Brand names: use of trade or brand names in this publication is for illustrative
purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the department of defense.
neutral Language: unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do
not refer exclusively to men.
Certain parts of this publication pertain to copyright restrictions.
ALL rIGHts reserVed.
no copyrighted parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical (including photocopy, recording, or any infor-
mation storage and retrieval system), without permission in writing from the publisher or
copyright owner.
Published by the office of the surgeon General at tMM Publications
Borden Institute
Walter reed Army Medical Center
us Army Medical department Center & school
This publication is a reformatted version of the April 2008 preprint of the same title. It is made
available with the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission
of the publisher.
All illustrations and photographs courtesy of L-3/Jaycor, San Diego, California.
contents
F
o r e w o r d
v
i
n t r o d u c t i o n
1
Blast Injury taxonomy 3
Post-World War II research 4
occupational Limits of Blast exposure 5
Military operational Medicine research Program
(Blast Injury research) 8
F
i r s t
-g
e n e r a t i o n
i
n j u r y
m
o d e l i n g
11
observed Blast Injuries 11
exploratory Injury Models 13
Lung Injury 16
InJurY software, Versions 1.0 to 4.3 18
simple Waves 19
the Blast test device 20
Blast in enclosures 21
Computational Fluid dynamics 22
s
e c o n d
-g
e n e r a t i o n
i
n j u r y
m
o d e l i n g
23
InJurY software, Versions 5.0 to 7.1 23
replacement of the Z-line in Military standard 1474 27
secondary Blast Injury Modeling 29
tertiary Blast Injury Modeling 30
Combined Injury Modeling 31
Closing of the Blast test site 31
t
h i r d
-g
e n e r a t i o n
i
n j u r y
m
o d e l i n g
33
Finite element Modeling 33
Finite element Modeling in Blast Injury 34
InJurY software, Version 8 36
toxic Gas Inhalation 38
Blast effects Behind Body Armor 42
F
o u r t h
-g
e n e r a t i o n
i
n j u r y
m
o d e l i n g
43
Performance endpoints 43
Central nervous system Injury 44
Blast traumatic Brain Injury Mechanisms 48
Biomechanical and Physiological response Models 52
s
u m m a r y
55
r
e F e r e n c e s
57
James H. Stuhmiller is Senior Vice President and General Manager, Simulation, Engineering,
and Testing, L-3 Communications, 10770 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, California 92121.
Foreword
Blast Injury: Translating Research into Operational Medicine
describes
pioneering biomedical research that forms the basis of our current knowl-
edge of blast injury mechanisms. Much of this knowledge, learned decades
ago, can be applied directly to solving the blast injury problems of today.
For example, our understanding of primary blast lung injury, learned from
nearly two decades of large animal blast injury research, was successfully
applied to solving the current problem of protecting our warfighters from
novel explosive weapons.
the primary goal of the department of defense (dod) Blast Injury
research Program is to focus our energies and limited resources on biomedi-
cal research that addresses blast injury knowledge gaps. the key to achiev-
ing this goal is understanding what has already been learned about blast
injury. understanding what we know about blast injury is just as important
as understanding what we don’t know. As the first comprehensive review
of the Army’s extensive investment in developing blast injury models, this
book helps to provide access to the extensive repository of primary blast
research reports and data.
m
i c h a e l
j. l
e g g i e r i
, j
r
.
dod Blast Injury research Program
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