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Natural Compounds
in Cancer Therapy
John Boik
This book is being made available in electronic form
on the honor system. Readers are expected to mail
compensation, in the form of a check or money or-
der, to the address given in the front pages. The
price of the electronic version is $25.
Copyright © 2001 by John Boik. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any manner whatsoever, or
stored in a data base, without the prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Editor: Silvine Farnell
Cover design: Michelle Lundquist
Publisher's Cataloging-in-Publication
(Provided by Quality Books, Inc.)
Boik, John.
Natural compounds in cancer therapy / [John Boik].--
1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes biographical references and index.
ISBN 0-9648280-1-4
1. Cancer--Alternative treatment. 2. Herbs--
Therapeutic use. 3. Alternative medicine. I. Title.
RC271.A62B65 2001 616.99'406
QBI00-971
Library of Congress Control Number: 2001117271
Disclaimer
Medical knowledge is constantly expanding. As new experimental and clinical experiences are gained, modifications to research
and treatment protocols are required. The author and publisher of this book have consulted sources believed to be reliable in
their effort to provide information that is complete and true to the body of knowledge available at the time of publication.
However, due to the possibility of human error or changes in medical knowledge, neither the author, publisher, nor any other
party involved with the publication or preparation of this book warrants that the information contained herein is fully accurate or
complete, and these parties are not responsible for any omissions or errors, or for the results obtained from using this
information. Readers are advised to confirm all such information with appropriate written sources and experts in the field.
Neither the publisher nor author advocate the use of any particular therapy but believe this information should be made available
to the public. There is always some risk involved in therapy, and the publisher and author are not responsible for any adverse
effects, lack of efficacy, or consequences that may result from using the material presented in this book.
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
iii
5
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND
REDOX SIGNALING
51
vii
FOREWORD
Introduction to Redox Reactions
51
PREFACE
ix
Transcription Factors
54
Mechanisms of Redox Modulation
60
1
BACKGROUND FOR PARTS I AND II
1
Conclusion
61
62
References
Development of Cancer and Characteristics of
Cancer Cells
1
6
CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION
67
Seven Strategies for Cancer Inhibition
2
Cell Adhesion Molecules
67
Using Natural Compounds in Combination
4
Gap Junctions
71
Introduction to the Compounds
5
Conclusion
72
Practical Considerations on Effective Concentrations
and Scaling of Doses
8
References
72
References
10
PART I: CANCER AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL
PART II: CANCER AT THE LEVEL OF THE
ORGANISM
2
MUTATIONS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND
PROLIFERATION
7
OVERVIEW OF ANGIOGENESIS
79
13
Mechanics of Angiogenesis
79
80
Angiogenic Factors and Angiogenesis Inhibition
DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression
13
Similarity of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing and
Cancer
Cell Proliferation
15
81
Mutations During Carcinogenesis and Progression
17
Wound Healing and Angiogenic Factors
81
How Natural Compounds and Chemotherapy Drugs
Inhibit Proliferation
23
Conclusion
88
References
88
Cytosine Methylation and DNA: A Note on Cancer
Prevention
25
8
NATURAL INHIBITORS OF
ANGIOGENESIS
Conclusion
26
91
27
References
Inhibition of Angiogenic Factors
91
3
RESULTS OF THERAPY AT THE
CELLULAR LEVEL
29
Additional Natural Compounds That may Inhibit
Angiogenesis
97
98
Cell Differentiation
29
Conclusion
References
98
Failure to Enter the Cell Cycle
31
Apoptosis and Necrosis
31
9
INVASION
105
33
Conclusion
Connective Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix
105
References
34
The ECM and Cancer
105
4
GROWTH FACTORS AND SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
Glycosidases, Proteases, and Cancer
107
37
Enzyme Inhibitors
107
Adhesion Proteins and Cancer Cell Migration
110
Proliferation and Apoptosis in Normal Cells Versus
Cancer Cells
37
Conclusion
111
Growth Factors
38
References
111
Signal Transduction
39
10 METASTASIS
113
Conclusion
47
113
Steps of Metastasis
References
47
Cell Detachment and Movement into a Vessel
113
iv
Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy
Migration Through the Circulation
114
16 POLYSACCHARIDES
203
Cell Arrest at a New Location
114
Introduction to Polysaccharides
203
116
Movement Out of the Vessel
Individual Compounds
203
Induction of Angiogenesis
116
Estimated Therapeutic and LOAEL Doses of
Polysaccharides
Conclusion
116
208
References
116
Using Combinations of Polysaccharides
209
11 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
119
Conclusion
209
References
210
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
119
215
Antigens and Antibodies
121
17 LIPIDS
MHC Molecule
122
Types of Dietary Fat and Their Sources
215
Role of Cytokines in Immunity
123
Stimulation of Cancer Progression by Saturated
and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
215
Role of Immune Cells in Cancer
123
218
Role of the Immune System in Cancer Prevention
124
Inhibition of Cancer by Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Immune System in Cancer Treatment
125
Conclusion
224
224
Conclusion
128
References
References
128
18 AMINO ACIDS AND RELATED
COMPOUNDS
12 NATURAL COMPOUNDS THAT AFFECT
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
231
131
Amino Acids
231
Natural Compounds That Stimulate and/or Support
the Immune System
Garlic
236
131
Bromelain and Other Proteolytic Enzymes
239
Clinical Studies with Chinese Herbal Formulas
135
Conclusion
243
Natural Compounds That Suppress the Immune
System
137
References
243
251
19 FLAVONOIDS
Conclusion
139
References
140
Introduction
251
Isoflavones, Flavones, and Flavonols
252
PART III: CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Flavanols—EGCG and Related Green Tea
Catechins
260
147
Anthocyanidins and Proanthocyanidins
263
13 BACKGROUND FOR PART III
Conclusion
266
147
Synergism
References
267
Estimating Effective and Safe Doses
153
Available Formulations
156
20 NONFLAVONOID PHENOLIC
COMPOUNDS
275
Combination Design
157
275
Conclusion
159
CAPE and Propolis
References
160
Curcumin
278
280
Lignans
163
14 TRACE METALS
Stilbenes—Resveratrol
284
Selenium
163
Quinones
286
Iron
168
Conclusion
290
171
Copper
References
291
Conclusion
172
297
21 TERPENES
References
173
297
Monoterpenes
179
15 VITAMIN C AND ANTIOXIDANTS
Triterpenoids
300
180
Vitamin C
Saponins
304
Antioxidants
188
Sesquiterpenes
309
196
Conclusion
Conclusion
311
References
196
References
311
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