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THE BLACK CAT GUIDE TO GRADED READERS
Updated edition
CONTENTS
RANGE, LEVELS AND GRADING
The Black Cat series of readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The levels of Black Cat readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
downloadable
How Black Cat readers are graded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
downloadable
THE BLACK CAT APPROACH
Expansive reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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HOW TO CHOOSE READERS AND HOW TO USE THEM
Choosing a reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
downloadable
Fitting readers into your teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
downloadable
Getting started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
downloadable
Pre-reading activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
downloadable
While-reading activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
downloadable
Summary-based activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
downloadable
After-reading activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
downloadable
Exam preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
downloadable
Films and film-based activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
downloadable
Audio CDs and audio CD-ROMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
downloadable
Using the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
downloadable
YOUNG LEARNERS
Earlyreads: grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
downloadable
Earlyreads: guidelines for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
downloadable
Dramatisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
downloadable
APPENDICES
Reading diary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
downloadable
The Common European Framework of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
downloadable
Index of Black Cat titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Downloadable either in full or in sections
www.blackcat-cideb.com www.cideb.it
THE BLACK CAT SERIES OF READERS
Green
Apple
DRAMA
R
EADING
S
HAKESPEARE
R
EADING &
T
RAINING
R
EADING &
T
RAINING
Discovery
R
EADING &
T
RAINING
Professional
R
EADING
C
LASSICS
INTERACT
WITH
LITERATURE
2
THE LEVELS OF BLACK CAT READERS
Black Cat readers are linked to the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference (often abbreviated to ‘the
Framework’ or ‘the CEFR’, as in the second column of the table below) and to the levels required by internationally accredited
examination boards, particularly the Cambridge ESOL suite and Trinity graded examinations in spoken English.
In the table below, the descriptions in the Cambridge ESOL column mean the following: ‘exam level’ means that the level of
the text and activities is at the level required by the exam; ‘exam preparation’ means that the text and activities are at a level
slightly lower than the level of the exam (more study is still required) but the activities are in the style of the Cambridge ESOL
exam indicated, and so provide valuable exam preparation.
The linking of the levels to the exam scores of IELTS, the Internet-based TOEFL exam (TOEFL iBT) and the TOEIC exam are
for guidance only and do not attempt to represent an exact equivalence, which would not be possible.
Black Cat Readers CEFR External Examination Boards
Cambridge ESOL
Trinity City and Guilds
IELTS TOEFL TOEIC
iBT
Earlyreads
Levels 1-5
A1
Starters and Movers
1, 2 Young Learners: Basic
For more detailed information on the grading of Earlyreads, see pages 32-33.
Easyreads
Level 1
A 2
Exam preparation: KET
3
Access
Level 2
A 2
Exam level: KET
4
Access
Green Apple Readers and Green Apple Drama
Starter
A1
Exam preparation: Flyers and/or KET 1, 2
Preliminary
Step 1
A2
Exam level: Flyers and/or KET
3, 4
Access
Step 2
A2/B1 Exam level: Flyers and/or KET
4, 5
Access
3.0
Exam preparation: PET
Reading & Training, Reading Shakespeare and Reading & Training Discovery
Step One
A2
Exam level: KET
3, 4
Access
3.0
Step Two
B1
Exam preparation: PET
4, 5
Achiever
3.5
57-66
450
Step Three
B1
Exam level: PET
5, 6
Achiever
4.0
67-86
550
Step Four
B2
Exam preparation: FCE
7
Communicator
5.0
87-97
650
Step Five
B2
Exam level: FCE
8
Communicator
5.5
98-109 750
Step Six
C1
Exam preparation: CAE
9, 10
Expert
6.5
110-120 850
Reading & Training Professional
Step Two
B1
Exam preparation: BEC Preliminary
Step Three
B1
Exam level: BEC Preliminary
Step Four
B2
Exam preparation: BEC Vantage
Step Five
B2
Exam level: BEC Vantage
Authentic Texts
(i.e. texts with unsimplified language)
Interact with
B2/
Exam levels: FCE; CAE;
8,
Communicator /
6.5 and 110 and 850 and
Literature;
C1/
Proficiency
9, 10, Expert /
above above above
Reading Classics
C2
11, 12 Mastery
3
HOW BLACK CAT READERS ARE GRADED
The main criteria used for grading readers involve grammatical structures and vocabulary.
Structures
The grammar in Graded Readers is controlled and limited to structures that will be familiar to learners at each level.
Grammatical structures at each level – in particular verb tenses – correspond to the syllabuses of most major course books
and the CEFR. This enables teachers, when choosing a reader, to compare the levels of readers with their course books.
It also makes comparison with the syllabuses of examining boards more obvious.
Sentence structure is also carefully graded moving from short simple sentences at lower levels to longer, more complex
sentences as students move further up the levels.
You will find the detailed list of structures for the Green Apple and Reading and Training series below. For detailed
information about Earlyread grading, see pages 32-33. The structures used in the Easyread series are those listed under
Green Apple Step 1, but distributed as follows: Easyread Level 1 uses only the present simple and continuous and does
not use the past simple and continuous, which are introduced at Level 2.
Green Apple
Starter
Verb tenses
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Future reference: Present Continuous;
going to
; Present Simple
Verb forms and patterns
Affirmative, negative, interrogative
Short answers
Imperative: 2nd person;
let’s
Infinitives after some very common verbs (e.g.
want
)
Gerunds (verb +
-ing
) after some very common verbs (e.g.
like, hate
)
Modal verbs
Can
: ability; requests; permission
Would... like
: offers, requests
Shall
: suggestions; offers
Must
: personal obligation
Need
: necessity
Types of clause
Co-ordination:
but
,
and
,
or
,
and then
Subordination (in the Present Simple or Present Continuous) after
verbs such as:
to be sure, to know, to think, to believe, to hope,
to say, to tell
Subordination after:
because
,
when
Other
Zero, definite and indefinite articles
Possessive ’s and s’
Countable and uncountable nouns
Some, any; much, many, a lot; (a) little, (a) few; all, every
; etc.
Order of adjectives
Passive forms: Present Simple and Past Simple with very common
verbs (e.g.
made, called, born
)
Gerunds (verb +
-ing
) after some prepositions (e.g.
before, after
)
Modal verbs
Could
: ability; requests
Will
: future reference; offers; promises; predictions
May
(present and future reference): possibility
Mustn’t
: prohibition
Have (got) to
: external obligation
Types of clause
Subordination after if (zero and 1st conditionals)
Defining relative clauses with:
who, where
Other
Comparative and superlative of adjectives (regular and irregular)
Formation of adverbs (regular and irregular)
Step 2
All the structures used in the previous steps, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple: indefinite past with
ever, never
(for
experience); indefinite past with
yet, already, still
; recent past
with
just
; past action leading to present situation; unfinished
past with
for
or
since
(duration form)
Verb forms and patterns
So / neither / nor
+ auxiliaries in short answers
Question tags (in verb tenses used so far)
Gerunds (verb +
-ing
) as subjects
Verb + object + full infinitive (e.g.
I want you to help
)
Modal verbs
Should
(present and future reference): advice
Might
(present and future reference): possibility; permission
Don’t have to / haven’t got to
: lack of obligation
Don’t need to / needn’t
: lack of necessity
Types of clause
Defining relative clauses with:
which, that
, zero pronoun
Time clauses introduced by
when, while, until, before, after, as
soon as
Clauses of purpose:
(in order) to
(infinitive of purpose)
Other
Comparative and superlative of adverbs (regular and irregular)
Step 1
All the structures used in the previous step, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Future reference:
will
Verb forms and patterns
Regular and common irregular verbs
4
How Black Cat readers are graded
Reading & Training
(including Reading Shakespeare, Reading & Training Discovery and Reading & Training Professional)
Step One
Verb tenses
Present Simple / Present Continuous / Past Simple / Past Continuous /
Future reference: Present Continuous;
going to
;
will
; Present Simple /
Present Perfect Simple: indefinite past with
ever, never
(for
experience)
Verb forms and patterns
Regular and common irregular verbs / Affirmative, negative,
interrogative / Imperative: 2
nd
person;
let’s
/ Passive forms: Present
Simple; Past Simple / Short answers / Infinitives after verbs and
adjectives / Gerunds (verb +
-ing
) after prepositions and common
verbs / Gerunds (verb +
-ing
) as subjects and objects
Modal verbs
Can
: ability; requests; permission /
Could
: ability; requests /
Will
:
future reference; offers; promises; predictions /
Would … like
: offers,
requests /
Shall
: suggestions; offers /
Should
(present and future
reference): advice /
May
(present and future reference): possibility /
Must
: personal obligation /
Mustn’t
: prohibition /
Have (got) to
:
external obligation /
Need
: necessity
Types of clause
Co-ordination:
but; and; or; and then
/ Subordination (in the Present
Simple or Present Continuous) after verbs such as:
to be sure, to
know, to think, to believe, to hope, to say, to tell
/ Subordination after:
because, when, if
(zero and 1
st
conditionals) / Defining relative clauses
with:
who, which, that
, zero pronoun,
where
Other
Zero, definite and indefinite articles / Possessive
’s
and
s’
/ Countable
and uncountable nouns /
Some, any; much, many, a lot; (a) little, (a)
few; all, every
; etc. / Order of adjectives / Comparative and superlative
of adjectives (regular and irregular) / Formation and
comparative/superlative of adverbs (regular and irregular)
Modal verbs
Would
: hypothesis /
Would rather
: preference /
Should
(present and
future reference): moral obligation /
Ought to
(present and future
reference): moral obligation /
Used to
: past habits and states
Types of clause
2nd Conditional:
if
+ past,
would(n’t)
/ Zero, 1
st
and 2
nd
conditionals
with
unless
/ Non-defining relative clauses with
who
and
where
/
Clauses of result:
so; so... that; such... that
/ Clauses of concession:
although, though
Other
Comparison:
(not) as / so... as; (not)... enough to; too... to
Step Four
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple:
the first; second etc. time that...
/ Present
Perfect Continuous: unfinished past with
for
or
since
(duration form)
Verb forms and patterns
Passive forms: Present Perfect Simple / Reported speech introduced by
precise reporting verbs (e.g.
suggest, promise, apologise
)
Modal verbs
Be; get used to + -ing
: habit formation /
Had better
: duty and warning
Types of clause
3
rd
Conditional:
if
+ Past Perfect,
would(n’t) have
/ Conditionals with
may; might
/ Non-defining relative clauses with:
which, whose
/
Clauses of concession:
even though; in spite of; despite
Step Five
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect and Past Perfect Simple: negative duration
(
haven’t/hadn’t... for ages
) / Present Perfect Continuous: recent
activities leading to present situation / Past Perfect Continuous
Verb forms and patterns
Passive forms: Past Perfect Simple; with modal verbs
Reported speech introduced by more examples of precise reporting
verbs (e.g.
threaten, insist, complain
)
Wish
and
if only
+ past tense /
It’s time
+ past tense
Modal verbs
Should(n’t) have, ought (not) to have
: duty in the past
Must have, can’t have, may have, might have, could have
: deduction
and probability in the past
Types of clause
3
rd
conditionals with
unless
/ Mixed conditional sentences / Complex
sentences with more than one subordinate clause
Step Two
All the structures used in the previous level, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple: indefinite past with
yet, already, still
; recent
past with
just
; past action leading to present situation / Past Perfect
Simple: in reported speech
Verb forms and patterns
Regular verbs and most irregular verbs / Passive forms with going to
and
will
/
So; neither; nor
+ auxiliaries in short answers / Question tags
(in verb tenses used so far) / Verb + object + full infinitive (e.g.
I want
you to help
) / Reported statements with
say
and
tell
Modal verbs
Can’t
: logical necessity /
Could
: possibility /
May
: permission /
Might
(present and future reference): possibility; permission /
Must
: logical
necessity /
Don’t have to; haven’t got to
: lack of obligation /
Don’t
need to; needn’t
: lack of necessity
Types of clause
Time clauses introduced by
when, while, until, before, after, as soon
as
/ Clauses of purpose:
so that; (in order) to
(infinitive of purpose)
Step Six
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Continuous: criticism
Future reference: Future Continuous; Future Perfect
Verb forms and patterns
Passive in continuous forms /
Wish
and
if only
+ Past Perfect; +
would
Modal verbs
Will
to describe characteristic behaviour
Would
: past habits /
Didn’t need to
v.
needn’t have
Types of clause
Inversion of had in 2
nd
and 3
rd
conditional sentences without
if
/
Inversion of word order after initial negative adverbs (
No sooner...;
Hardly...
; etc.) / Non-finite
-ing
clauses / Complex sentences with no
restriction on the number of subordinate clauses
Step Three
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple: unfinished past with
for
or
since
(duration
form) / Past Perfect Simple: narrative
Verb forms and patterns
Regular verbs and all irregular verbs in current English
Causative:
have / get
+ object + past participle
Reported questions and orders with
ask
and
tell
5
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